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If you're not completely confused by quantum mechanics, you do not understand it. (1911-) First, let's consider how are ordinarily computed: When an event consists of two mutually exclusive events, its probability is the sum of the probabilities of those two events. Similarly, when an event is the conjunction of two statistically independent events, its probability is the product of the probabilities of those two events. For example, if you roll a, the probability of obtaining a multiple of 3 is 1/3 = 1/6+1/6; it's the sum of the probabilities (1/6 each) of the two mutually exclusive events '3' and '6'. You add probabilities when the component events can't happen together (the outcome of the roll cannot be both '3' and '6').

On the other hand, the probability of rolling two fair dice without obtaining a 6 is 25/36 = (5/6)(5/6); it's the product of the probabilities (5/6 each) of two independent events, each consisting of not rolling a 6 with each throw. Quantum Logic and [Complex] Probability Amplitudes: In the quantum realm, as long as two logical possibilities are not actually observed, they can be neither exclusive nor independent and the above does not apply. Instead, quantum mechanical probability amplitudes are defined as whose absolute values squared correspond to ordinary probabilities. The phases (the angular directions) of such complex numbers have no classical equivalents (although they happen to provide a for the existence of the conserved classical quantity known as electric charge). To obtain the amplitude of an event with two unobserved logical components: • For EITHER-OR (exclusive) components, the amplitudes are added. • For AND (independent) components, the amplitudes are multiplied.

Scientific Research of M. Remzi Sanver. My scientific research can be described as the analysis of the collective decision making problem. My work is developed over four main axes which are the reflection of a coherent research agenda. The first axis is the analysis of the preference aggregation problem within the standard Arrovian framework. Darwin iso vmware.

In practice, ' AND components' are successive steps that could logically lead to the desired outcome, forming what's called an acceptable history for that outcome. The ' EITHER-OR components', whose amplitudes are to be added, are thus all the possible histories logically leading up to the same outcome. Following, the whole thing is therefore called a 'sum over histories'. These algebraic manipulations are a mind-boggling substitute for statistical logic, but that's the way the physical universe appears to work. The above quantum logic normally applies only at the microscopic level, where 'observation' of individual components is either impossible or would introduce an unacceptable disturbance.